Ukubuya okuphakathi kwiinyanga ezilishumi elinambini ezigcinwe kwiibhanki zijikeleze i-0,16%, ngokweedatha zamva nje ezinikezwe yiBhanki yaseSpain. Ngomdla ophantsi kakhulu njengesiphumo sesigqibo semali yezemali ye-European Union ukuya yehlisa ixabiso lemali kummandla we-euro. Esi sicwangciso sithethe ukuba le mveliso yemali khange ibenenzuzo kakhulu kule minyaka idlulileyo. Ukuze uyiphakamise, akusayi kubakho khetho ngaphandle kokujonga imodeli yezonyulo ezivumela ukugqitha kwimida yokungena.
Esinye sezi zindululo senziwe yidipozithi yemali yamanye amazwe, ezo ikontraki zikwezinye iimali non-euro. Phakathi kwabo, idola yaseMelika, i-franc yaseSwitzerland, i-krone yaseDenmark okanye i-yen yaseJapan. Ngelixa inokuvumela inzuzo yayo, umngcipheko obandakanyekayo kulo msebenzi nawo uphezulu. Phakathi kwezinye izizathu kuba kuxhomekeke kutshintshiselwano kwekoteyishini phakathi kwemali ekhethiweyo kunye ne-euro. Kwaye iziphumo azisoloko zithandeka kakhulu kwimidla yabatyali mali abancinci nabaphakathi.
Ezi mveliso zolondolozo lomntu zinokwenziwa ngokusesikweni ngexabiso elifikelelekayo kakhulu kuyo yonke imizi. Ukusuka kwi-euro ezingamawaka ukuya phambili, ngaphandle kwesithintelo malunga nale mfuno. Ngokusisigxina ukusuka kwiintsuku ezimbalwa ukuya kwiinyanga ezingama-36, njengezona dipozithi zixhaphakileyo zebhanki. Ngelixa kwelinye icala, oomatshini bayo bokubhalisela kuyafana nakwezinye iifomathi.
Iidipozithi zemali: iimeko
Umahluko wawo ngokubhekisele kwiidipozithi ezinesivumelwano kwi-euro kukuba kwezi modeli kubandakanya a ikhomishini encinci njengesiphumo sokutshintsha kwemali. Ngokubanzi, iibhanki zihlawulisa phakathi kwe-0,10% kunye ne-0,15% kwisixa esipheleleyo sotyalo-mali. Ngaphandle kwale ntlawulo iqingqiweyo, ayifaki nayiphi na ikhomishini okanye inkcitho kulawulo okanye kulondolozo lwayo. Ngokuqokelelwa kwenzala ngexesha lokuvuthwa, nokuba leliphi ixesha lokusisigxina apho ezi mveliso zebhanki zijolise khona.
Enye yezinto eziqwalaselwa ngabasebenzisi kukuba ngaba zinenzuzo ngakumbi. A priori le nto ayinakwaziwa kuba ixhomekeke kwi isicatshulwa semali ekhethiweyo kwiimarike zezemali. Ngayiphi na imeko, ayisayi kuhlala ilungile kwesi sizathu kwaye kwimeko embi inokubangela inzala. Esi sesona sizathu siphambili sokuqwalaselwa kokusebenza kwemali kuyingozi. Ngokukodwa ukuba uguquko lwezi asethi zemali alwaziwa.
Ngaba kufanelekile ukumisela ngokusemthethweni?
Ngelixa kwelinye icala, kunokwenzeka ukuba ukuphucuka kwengeniso akunjalo yenza iindleko kutshintshiselwano lwemali. Apho kunokubakho omnye umothuko ngexesha lokuvalwa kwayo. Nangona kunjalo, uncedo lwayo olukhulu kukuba ungasebenzisa uluhlu olubanzi lweemali zamanye amazwe. Kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo ezinye zazo ziya kuba nokuguquguquka okuhle kwiimarike zemali.
Kufuneka sivavanye nenyani yokuba iidiphozithi zemali yamanye amazwe sisixhobo esingazinzanga sokwakha isitokhwe sokonga kwixesha elifutshane neliphakathi. Kuba iyafana ngakumbi neemveliso ezivela kwii-equity kunengeniso esisigxina. Akumangalisi ukuba inzuzo yayo yokwenyani ixhomekeke kumaxabiso kwiimarike zemali. Apho ukungazinzi yenye yeempawu zayo ezifanelekileyo, kuba kukho umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwamaxabiso aphezulu kunye neyona isezantsi. Ukuya kwinqanaba lokuba olu didi lweedipozithi zexesha elimiselweyo lunokuba yingozi kwimidla yabasindisa. Kwinqanaba layo nayiphi na imveliso yezemali engenayo imbuyekezo esisigxina okanye eqinisekisiweyo.
Wonzakele kwaye uzuze
Umda we-euro ukulungele ukuqala ukunyuka kwenzala ukusuka kwi-2020, njengoko iBhanki eNkulu yaseYurophu (i-ECB) ilumkisile kwingxelo apho ichaza khona "imeko yesiqhelo yemali ezayo." Okwangoku ixabiso lemali kule ndawo yi-0%, okoko la manqanaba afikelelwa ngo-2015 njengenyathelo lokwenza uqoqosho lwamazwe e-European Union. Le nto yemali ivelise ukuba ezinye iimveliso zebhanki zilunge ngakumbi kwisivumelwano kunabanye. Apho abatyali mali kunye nabantu abafuna inkxaso yezemali bakhuthazekileyo ukuba babeke emngciphekweni umdla wabagcini. Ngamnye kubo ufumene unyango olwahlukileyo ngenqanaba lenzala kwinqanaba eliphantsi ngokwembali.
Uqoqosho lwaseYurophu lulindele ukunyuka kwenqanaba eliya kwenziwa ngokuthe ngcembe ukushiya ngokuqinisekileyo imeko yokuba imali ayinaxabiso. Kuyo nayiphi na imeko, olu tshintsho luya kwahluka ubudlelwane obuza kugcinwa ngabathengi kunye neebhanki kuba xa sele kumiliselwe inzala entsha, iimeko zekhontrakthi zemali mboleko zomntu, ixesha ledipozithi kunye neeakhawunti ezinengeniso ephezulu, phakathi kwezinye, ziya kutshintsha. Apho kuyakubakho abaphumeleleyo kunye nabaphumeleleyo ngokusekwe kule meko yemali. Kodwa ngokwenene, ziya kuchaphazela njani isipaji sabasebenzisi beebhanki?
Ukwenzakaliswa kukunyuka kwezinga
Abantu abasematyaleni kwaye bazokumisa ngokusesikweni nawuphi na umgca wekhredithi ukusukela ngalo mzuzu baya kuba ngamaxhoba aphambili alo manyathelo ezoqoqosho. Ngengqondo yokuba bayakuchaphazeleka kukonyuka kwenzala kwimali mboleko kwaye isixa eso siya kuxhomekeka kubunzulu bokunyuka kwexabiso lemali. Ngayiphi na imeko, ubunini be Ikhredithi yabathengiIkhadi letyala okanye ubambiso luya kubandakanya izavenge ezininzi ezifuna ukunyuka kwixabiso lemali.
Umntu onemali mboleko yokubolekwa imali ngexabiso le-100.000 euros kwisithuba seminyaka engama-25 ngokonyuka komyinge omncinci, ngekota yepesenti, oko kuya kuthetha ukonyuka nge-euro ezingama-20 kwintlawulo yakho yenyanga ukusuka kunyaka olandelayo. Kwelinye icala, le meko iya kubangela ukuba ukusasazeka kwemali mboleko kwande kancinci kancinci kwaye akunakubakho ukubafumana isivumelwano ngaphantsi kwe-1%, njengoko bekunokwenziwa ngebhanki kude kube lihlobo lasehlotyeni.
Ukugcina kuya kuba yinzuzo ngakumbi
Okuphikisanayo, iimveliso zokonga (iidipozithi zekota, amanqaku ezithembiso, iiakhawunti zokujonga, njl.njl.) Aya kuphuma emngxunyeni ababhaptizelwe kuwo kude kube ngoku ngenxa yengeniso yabo ephantsi. Nje ukuba izinga lenzala liphezulu, umvuzo wabo uya kunyuka, ngaphandle kokuhamba kakhulu kodwa kuyo nayiphi na imeko kuya kuqatshelwa minyaka le epokothweni labasebenzisi. Okwangoku, kwaye sinikwe intshukumo kwimarike yemali, idiphozithi yebhanki ye-10.000 euros ngaphezulu kweenyanga ze-12 ihambile ekubuyiseni ukubuya kwe-0,14% ukuya kwi-0,20%. Ewe kunjalo, ayisiyongxaki egqithisileyo kodwa ubuncinci iya kuvumela isivuno ukuba sikhule nge-10 ye-euro ngonyaka.
Kwimeko apho amaqondo wenzala kwindawo ye-euro efikelela kwipesenti enye enesiqingatha, iziphumo ziya kubambeka ngakumbi kubanini beemveliso zebhanki. Ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba, ngokokuqikelelwa yiBhanki yaseSpain, inzala inokunyuka iye kuthi ga kufutshane kakhulu nepesenti ngemali egcinwe kwiidiphozithi okanye kwiiakhawunti zebhanki. Nangona kunjalo, kuya kuba ngcono ukulibala malunga nezivuno ezingaphezulu kwe-5%, ezithe zenzeka phambi kokuba kuvele ingxaki yezoqoqosho ka-2007 nango-2008.
Impembelelo kwizabelo
Kule meko, amaqondo enzala asezantsi anje ngala akhoyo ngoku aluncedo kubatyali zimali kwiimalike zentengo. Phakathi kwezinye izizathu, kuba akukho nzuzo kwezinye iimveliso zezemali kwaye isisombululo kukuthenga nokuthengisa izabelo kwimarike yemasheya njengefomula yokuphucula umvuzo. Nangona, ewe, uthatha umngcipheko omkhulu ekusebenzeni kuba kungekho mali iqinisekileyo. Ukuba akunjalo, ngokuchaseneyo, kungenxa yendaleko yeemarike zezemali kwaye apho enye into okanye enye inokwenzeka khona. Ngaphandle kwe- Ulwabiwo lwesahlulo leyo yintlawulo kwi-akhawunti emiselweyo kwaye iqinisekisiwe minyaka le.
Ngelixa kwelinye icala, ngokusebenzisa iindlela ezithile zotyalo-mali, iinjongo ezithile ezibangelwa ngabatyali mali abancinci nabaphakathi zinokufezekiswa. Umzekelo, ukuthenga xa ukuxhathisa koyisiwe, ukwenziwa ngokusemthethweni kokusebenza okanye ukuthatha ithuba lokuthenga iintshukumo. Ngeziphumo ezinokwanelisa kakhulu kwimidla yabancinci. Kwelinye icala, kukho imali yotyalo-mali evumela ukubuya okuqinisekisiweyo, kunye nembuyekezo yokonga ukuya kuthi ga kwiipesenti ezintlanu. Nangona kukho iikhomishini ezibanzi ngakumbi kunasekuthengweni nasekuthengisweni kwezabelo kwimarike yemasheya. Ngeendleko ezinokumela i-5% yotyalo-mali xa lulonke olwenziwe ngabasebenzisi. Kuya kufuneka ukonyuse inzuzo kuyo yonke imisebenzi ukuze ulungelelanise ezi ndleko kulawulo.